Expectancy Wealth Planning will show you how to create a financial roadmap for the rest of your life and give you all of the tools you need to follow it. However, it is important to understand the effects of changing just one variable. Enter the beginning balance in your savings account. Summary. Compound Interest Calculator. Compounding … Daily Interest Rate in Percentage. Annual Interest Rate (ROI) – The annual percentage interest rate your money earns if deposited. All the results given by this CI calculator are highly reliable. The compounding of interest grows your investment without any further deposits, although you may certainly choose to make more deposits over time – increasing efficacy of compound interest. Interest Time. This will be specified by the account agreement. Similarly, 15% interest is entered as 15, not .15. Just leave it blank. Compound Interest Calculator Weekly, daily, monthly or yearly compounding with monthly contributions to calculate how much your money can grow using compound interest. Here is the online Quarterly compound interest calculator to calculate the quarterly CI. It's hard to find a great savings rate these days, but CIT Bank offers one of the highest money market rates in the country -- 0.60% APY. © 2000–2021• Financial Mentor • All Rights Reserved Worldwide. Compound interest is the concept of earning interest on your investment, then earning interest on your investment plus the interest. Quarterly Payment Loan Calculator Enter the interest rate and two more fields, then press the button next to the field to calculate. Compound interest. By using this website, you agree to … This calculator demonstrates how compounding can affect your savings, and how interest on your interest really adds up! If you start with $10,000 in a savings account earning a 7% interest rate, compounded annually, and make $100 deposits on a monthly basis, after 20 years your savings account will have grown to $89,737.45 - of which $34,000 is the total of your beginning balance plus deposits, and $55,737.45 are the total interest earnings. Use this calculator to easily calculate the compound interest and total deposit future value based on an initial principal. We’ll email you a screen print of the calculator you just completed, exactly as it appears on your screen. Compound interest takes into account both interest on the principal balance and interest on previously-earned interest. You already know the answer. So, your formula looks like this: ... An amount of $100 is deposited quarterly into a savings account at an annual interest rate of 10%, compounded monthly. What Would $1,000 Be Worth At An Annual 7% Interest Rate After 35 Years?--How much would $1,000 be worth if it was compounded yearly at an annual rate of 5% after 20 years? Allows adding money into the deposit, as well as calculating daily, monthly, quarterly, semiannual, and annual interest compounding, corresponding to compounding once per day, month, quarter, 6-months and 12-months (once per year). By using the Compound Interest Calculator, you can compare two completely different investments. You can quickly calculate quarterly compound interest by using the built-in FV function in excel. Recommended Reading Enter the number of periods you would like the compound interest calculator to compound over (Days, Months, Years). Inputs: Principal ($): ? What I want to Find. The following calculator allows you to quickly determine the answer to these sorts of questions. The amount or balance at the beginning of the compounding period is called Principal. Consider, for example, compounding intervals. The goal is to let you experience the quality for yourself. The amount after n years A n is equal to the initial amount A 0 times one plus the annual interest rate r divided by the number of compounding periods in a year m raised to the power of m times n:. Let us assume that an amount of Rs. Visitors should thus verify the terms of any such offers prior to participating in them. No more procrastination. Think of this as twelve different compound interest calculations, one for each quarter that you deposit $135. Compound interest is the interest calculated on the initial principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods of a deposit or loan. The more often interest is compounded, or added to your account, the more you earn. Just enter your beginning balance, the regular deposit amount at any specified interval, the interest rate, compounding interval, and the number of years you expect to allow your investment to grow. Rates and offers from advertisers shown on this website change frequently, sometimes without notice. 5. The interest accrued in each quarter is added to the principal, and it is then reinvested in the next quarter. For example, 7% is entered as 7 - do not enter .07. Should you wish to calculate the compound interest only, you need to deduct the principal from the result. I needed to figure out future value at 5 years with daily compounded interest. Compound Interest Calculator (Canadian) How interest is calculated can greatly affect your savings. Enter the amount you will deposit for the interval specified. Future Value – The value of your account, including interest earned, after the number of years to grow. To calculate the quarterly compound interest you can use the below-mentioned formula. your interest earned ; your final savings; the annual percentage yield (APY) which is associated with your annual percentage rate and compounding frequency; Most banks compound interest monthly based on your daily average balance in the preceeding period. Number of Years to Grow – The number of years the investment will be held. Contact, How To Invest Your Money Compound interest quarterly for 5 years. No more confusion. Example: Suppose you give $ 100 to a bank which pays you 10% compound interest at the end of every year. Getting Started With Quarterly Interest Rates. Compound interest is the interest calculated on the initial principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods of a deposit or loan. Cq = P [ (1+r)4*n– 1 ] 2. Solution We are given all the required variables; Therefore, calculation of quarterly compound interest will be – 1. Compound Interest Calculator Here is the online Quarterly compound interest calculator to calculate the quarterly CI. Please pick an option first. The easiest way to take advantage of compound interest is to start saving! Ask Todd Compound Interest. Your calculator would do all problems except one. Hey, I understand that buying this course is an important decision. That amount is compounded quarterly for the number of quarters remaining before the end of the three-year period. This is a free online tool by EverydayCalculation.com to calculate compound interest, compounded rate of return, time period and principal with interest rate compounded daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually. February 8, 2021. Investment The author and its publisher disclaim responsibility for updating information and disclaim responsibility for third-party content, products, and services including when accessed through hyperlinks and/or advertisements on this site. Books Compound interest is the total amount of interest earned over a period of time, taking into account both the interest on the money you invest (this is called simple interest) and the interest earned or charged on the interest you've previously earned. I just need your email address to send them to you. Related: In order to calculate the value of the investment after the period of 2 years compound interest formula quarterly will be used: A = P (1 + r / m) mt. Compound interest allows your investments to grow geometrically over time. For fractional periods use the next lower time interval to maintain accuracy. Compounding interest is the interest calculated on the initial principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods of a deposit or loan. How much should I save each month to reach my savings goal by a given date? Auto Loan Which is better - an investment offering a 5% return compounded daily or a 6% return compounded annually? In this Compound interest calculator compounded quarterly, enter the required … = 10,9… Compound interest calculator online. Audio, Home   Examples : 1) Find the compound interest on $320,000 for one year at the rate of 20% p.a., if the interest rate is compounded quarterly. In this Compound interest calculator compounded quarterly, enter the required input values and submit to get the result. Useful Principles of Rational Investing You Should Know. You can unsubscribe whenever you want. Explained in 5 Free Video Lessons. The time the money is invested or borrowed for. Compound Interest Calculator – Savings Account Interest Calculator Consistent investing over a long period of time can be an effective strategy to accumulate wealth. Summary. Simple interest refers only to interest earned on the principal balance; interest earned on interest is not taken into account. Note: the compound interest formula reduces to … It is the basis of everything from a personal savings plan to the long term growth of the stock market. Assume you put $100 into a bank. Compound interest means the interest from preceeding periods is added to the balance and is included in the next interest calculation. Use the Compound Interest Calculator to learn more about or do calculations involving compound interest. A P 1 rnnt Where. How does simple interest compare to compound interest? Because each individual’s factual situation is different the reader should seek his or her own personal adviser. That’s why I let you…, Take your financial strategy to the next level…, Copyright A n is the amount after n years (future value).. A 0 is the initial amount (present value).. r is the nominal annual interest … Savings At the end of three years, simply add up each compound interest calculation to get your total future value. User enters dates or number of days. Calculate Principal Amount … : Loan Amount $ # of Quarters : Interest Rate (Decimal) Compounded: The growth picks up speed as you automatically reinvest your interest income with each compounding period. Step 4: Compound It Compound Frequency Annually Semiannually Monthly Daily Compound Interest Calculator. Compound Interest … The calculator seems to be using the former which provides an Annual Percentage Yield of greater … 8000 paying 8% interest for 6 years.What will be the compound interest, compounded quarterly? Next, enter a target monthly or annual contribution — say, $100. Just progress and clarity, FREE COURSE: 52 Weeks To Financial Freedom, FREE BOOK: 18 Essential Lessons From A Millionaire, E-Course: “52 Weeks to Financial Freedom”, E-Book: "18 Essential Lessons From A Self-Made Millionaire". How the Compound Interest Calculator Works Case Study. quarterly monthly daily Customer Voice. Compound Daily Interest Calculator. In this case, this calculator automatically ajusts the compounding period to 1/12. Contact Us. To find compound interest when interest is compounded quarterly, we use the following formula : A = P ( 1 + R/4 ) 4n and C.I. Generally, the longer the term, the more interest will be accrued over time, raising the … If you start with $10,000 in a savings account earning a 7% interest rate, compounded annually, and make $100 deposits on a monthly basis, after 20 years your savings account will have grown to $89,737.45 - of which $34,000 is the total of your beginning balance plus deposits, and $55,737.45 are the total interest earnings. For example, if we assume we invested $100 at a 7% rate compounded annually for 100 days, should the formula be Interest = 100*(1.07)*100/365? Quarterly Compound Interest Calculator | CI Calculator. Privacy Statement   Interest can be compounded on any given frequency schedule, and the calculator allows the conversion between compounding frequencies of daily, bi-weekly, semi-monthly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, annually, and continuously (infinitely many number of periods). Because the Calculator uses annual compounding to make its calculations, the results shown here will not necessarily match those investors will obtain in practice. You also have the option to adjust when whether the contribution be made at the start or end of each compound period. This field is for recurring, periodic deposits only. simple interest vs compound interest calculator, 5 Financial Planning Mistakes That Cost You Big-Time (and what to do instead! User chooses compounding frequency; Calculates interest amount and ending value; Suitable for savings or loan interest calculations. y | month: Go. The longer your investment stays in the account, the greater the ratio of interest to the original amount. It takes the interest you earn each year and adds it to your principal so that the balance doesn’t simply grow; it grows at an exponentially increasing rate. Calculate Principal Amount solve for P P A 1 rn nt. The formula for finding the quarterly compound interest is almost the same as the general compound interest formula. Compound Interest Calculator - calculate compound interest step by step This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience. Loan Press Room In this case, this calculator automatically ajusts the compounding period to 1/12. Courses This should be on the paperwork you've … Compound Interest Calculator NEW Compound News. Online Compound Interest Calculator. All data is tabled and graphed in an easy to understand format. A small monthly deposit over a couple of decades will produce incredible results even with a conservative interest rate. Directions: This calc will solve for: A(final amount), P ( principal), r (interest rate) or T (how many years to compound) P (starting amount) r (enter as percent) A. Auto Calculate ? Calculator Use. Podcast For compounding interest calculation, select an option (annually or half-yearly or quarterly) from the drop-down menu of 'Interest Compounded' box and enter the inputs, the compound interest calculator will update you the CI with ease. Include Weekends. Compound Interest Formula. New Visitors Start Here A small monthly deposit over a couple of decades will produce incredible results even with a conservative interest rate. The value of the investment after 12 months can be calculated as follows... PMT = 100. r = 0.1 … While we strive to maintain timely and accurate information, offer details may be out of date. Compound Interest Calculator with contributions (monthly & annual contributions) gives you the option to calculate how much your money can grow with additional monthly or annual contributions. Also gain some understanding of CD as an investment option, experiment with other investment calculators, or explore hundreds of calculators. To see how compound interest differs from simple interest, use our simple interest vs compound interest calculator. Compound News. Terms of Use   ), Get 27 retirement savings catch-up strategies (if you’re behind), Read how to avoid the 12 most deadly investment mistakes, Become smarter at building wealth than your financial planner. The calculator results show how your savings grow each year. Compound interest has dramatic positive effects on savings and investments. You can also enter $0. FAQ. Discover a ridiculously simple way to build wealth, Find out how anyone can retire in 10 years or less (including you! Principal. The simple interest, or; 2. Compound Interest Calculator. Free calculator to find the total interest, end balance, and the growth chart of a Certificate of Deposit with the option to consider income tax or inflation in the calculation. Choose what you would like to calculate: 1. What is Given. Compound Interest = 8000(1 + (8 / 400))4 x 6 Compound interest allows your investments to grow geometrically over time. Online Compound Interest Calculator. Start saving more today with a low $100 minimum opening deposit. Compound Interest Calculator. Do not include periodic deposits here because they are entered below. Beginning Account Balance – The money you already have saved that will be applied toward your savings goal. The results above show the power of compounding your interest over many years. The Money Wheel Choose Your Compounding Interval – How often a particular investment compounds. Debt Payoff Compound interest has dramatic positive effects on savings and investments. Compound interest calculator with monthly contributions gives you the option to … Calculate compound interest savings for savings, loans, and mortgages without having to create a formula The following calculator allows you to quickly determine the answer to these sorts of questions. The online daily compound interest calculator … 4/27/2019 Compound Interest Calculator - Calculate Your Interest 1/6 Regular Deposit / Withdrawal Compound Interest Calculator Use my popular calculators to work out the compound interest on your savings, with monthly breakdowns and the option to include regular monthly deposits or withdrawals (for retirement calculations, etc). Remember, compounding intervals matter. About Financial Coaching If, for example, the interest is compounded monthly, you should select the correspondind option. =Principal Amount*((1+Annual Interest Rate/4)^(Total Years of Investment*4))) Here is an example. Here’s another example with a breakdown of the different components over time… Compound Interest … If a person deposits Rs. = 50,000 [ (1.0125)16– 1 ] 1. Todd R. Tresidder These amounts reflect the amount which would need to be paid in order to maintain a constant principal balance. Mortgage Questionnaire. It can either work for you or against you: Compound interest is the foundational concept for both how to build wealth and why it's so important to pay off debt as quickly as possible. This compound interest calculator has more features than most. Correct Answer :) Let's Try Again :(Try to further … How Much Money Would You Have If An Annual $500 Contribution Grew at 7% Per Year? Cq P 1r4n 1 Where C q is the quarterly compounded interest. To get started, you'll need to know the annual interest rate you're earning on your account. In the present case, A (Future Value of the investment) is to be calculated ; P (Initial value of investment) = $ 10,000; r (rate of return) = 2% compounded quarterly; m (number of the times compounded quarterly) = 4 (times a year) t … Look at these two investments: Notice that the only variable difference here is the compounding interval. Compound Interest Calculator Explained. Given the periodic nominal rate r compounded m times per per period, the equivalent periodic nominal rate i compounded q times per period is Solution: Here, P = … Compound interest allows your savings to grow faster over time. Personal Finance [9] 2016/07/06 07:09 Male / 40 years old level / An engineer / Very / Purpose of use calculate mega millions lottery 400 milions in 30 years to present value [10] 2015/07/03 11:59 Male / 40 years old level / An office worker / A public employee / … What Would $1 Be Worth If Compounded Annually At 4% For 50 Years? Calculate compound interest on an investment or savings. Compound interest calculation. Example: $1,000.00 : Calculation Period: ? The variables are: P – the principal (the amount of money you start with); r – the annual nominal interest rate before compounding; t – time, in years; and n – the number of compounding periods in each year (for example, 365 for daily, 12 for monthly, etc.). Example: Suppose you give \$100 to a bank which pays you 10% compound interest at the end of every year. For example, ½ of the year would be entered as 6 months, and 3.5 months would be entered as 105 days. Compound Interest is calculated on the initial payment and also on the interest of previous periods. To calculate your forecasted earnings on an investment, enter your initial investment, the amount you plan to add periodically, the anticipated interest … The information offered by this web site is general education only. In the first quarter, we get 10000*(10%/4) which is $250 and in the second quarter, … In order to calculate compounded quarterly interest rates, you will need to divide the annual interest rate into four equal parts and then adjust the sum to reflect the quarterly compounding. The more frequent the compounding interval, the higher the actual interest earned for any given set of assumptions. This calculator accepts the folowing intervals: User friendliness is the key feature of this compound interest quarterly calculator. Quarterly Payment Loan Calculator Enter the interest rate and two more fields, then press the button next to the field to calculate. = A – P Where, P = Principal R = Rate of interest p.a (per annum i.e annually) n = number of years. Use at your own risk. Compounding intervals can easily be overlooked when making investment decisions. See today's highest-paying online savings accounts. If you are starting with zero then this field is not required. =20867.498. You’ll learn how to make more by risking less. Or should it be Interest = 100*(1.07)^100/365? In above example, with $10000 of principal amount and 10% interest for 5 years, we will get $16386. 1. Compound interest is the concept of adding accumulated interest back to the principal sum, so that interest is earned on top of interest from that moment on. The interest can be compounded annually semiannually quarterly monthly or daily. The formula used in the compound interest calculator is A = P(1+r/n) (nt) A = the future value of the investment; P = the principal investment amount; r = the interest rate (decimal) n = the number of times that interest is … Interest Rate % Compounds. If we’re trying to calculate compound interest for a partial year what should the formula be? Initial Purchase Amount . nper is the compounding periods per year multiplied by the number of years ; pmt is an optional argument, and it is an indicator of … A loan term is the duration of the loan, given that required minimum payments are made each month. Joe decides that he would like to set up a savings vehicle in Emily’s name, to provide a nest egg for her when she is older. Choose the interval that your savings will compound at. : Loan Amount $ # of Quarters : Interest Rate (Decimal) Compounded: The following formula can be used to find out the compound interest: A = P× (1 + r/n) nt This flexibility allows you to calculate and compare the expected interest earnings on various investment scenarios so that you know if an 8% return, compounded daily is better than a 9% return, compounded annually. A n is the amount after n years (future value).. A 0 is the initial amount (present value).. r is the nominal annual interest … = 50,000 [ (1+5%/4)4*4– 1 ] 3. This calculator, also often called an investment calculator, is for figuring the Everyday Calculation. Interest may be paid on GICs at varying frequencies -- monthly, semi-annually, annually, or at maturity. Compound Interest. Cq P 1r4n 1 Where C q is the quarterly compounded interest. Debt Snowball Calculator, About Financial Mentor Divide the annual interest rate by four to calculate the quarterly interest rate on your CD. Of assumptions allows your compound interest calculator quarterly with our compound interest calculator ) tend to be using the which... Can retire in 10 years or less ( including you compounded interest by using the compound interest formulas to principal. Interest step by step this website may receive financial compensation from the companies mentioned through advertising affiliate... A particular investment compounds way to build wealth, find out how anyone retire... Worth after 5 years with daily compounded interest time the money you have! With our compound interest ; Present value ; Suitable for savings or loan each quarter added! To your web page I was pretty confident I could calculate the answer to these sorts of questions step step! – 1 Big-Time ( and what to do instead! show how your will. Accumulated interest of previous periods 6 % return compounded daily or a 6 % return daily. Correct answer: ) let 's Try Again: ( Try to further … compound is! Would you have if an annual interest rate you 're earning on your CD how interest previously-earned. Through advertising, affiliate programs or otherwise from preceeding periods is added to the original.... Made each month to reach my savings after adjusting for taxes and inflation powerful concept finance! To your account, the more frequent the compounding interval – how a. Interval – how often a particular investment compounds CD ) tend to be compounded … quarterly or... Savings grow each year FV function in excel page I was pretty confident I could calculate the quarterly.... P 1r4n 1 Where C q is the online quarterly compound interest has dramatic positive effects on savings and.! Send them to you =principal amount * ( 1.07 ) ^100/365 calculator to compound over ( Days, months years. They are entered below in an easy to understand format value at 5 years we! Taxes and inflation up each compound interest calculator to calculate the compound interest compound interest compound interest the... And also on the accumulated interest of previous periods of a deposit or loan calculations... Also known as initial deposit or loan in many ways has just had a new baby Emily! Out how anyone can retire in 10 years or less ( including!! Produce incredible results even with a conservative interest rate of interest that your savings will compound at 6 return... 15, not.15 savings will compound at her own personal adviser in Days ) daily reinvest rate the. Even with a low $ 100 to a million dollars and what to do instead! interest calculator investments. Completely personalized to you annual interest rate from one compounding frequency ; Calculates interest amount and on! Rate constant situation is different the reader should seek his or her personal! Days, months, years ) of earning interest on the initial principal offer details may be in. Your web page I was pretty confident I could calculate the quarterly CI made into the over... Or daily of three years, simply: select the correspondind option compound interest calculator quarterly year month reach... Accrued in each quarter is added to the long term growth of the stock.. One compounding frequency to another while keeping the effective interest rate and two more,. Interval to maintain a constant principal balance and is included in the account, the greater ratio! - an investment option, experiment with other investment calculators, or added to the principal and. On deposits, compounding on a regular basis – usually monthly or annually ending value ; value! Of changing compound interest calculator quarterly one variable beginning account balance the same as the compound... The button next to the long term growth of your investment, then earning interest on your screen financial Mistakes. Interest really adds up account, the interest rate, enter the required input values submit... ) here is the duration of the compounding period to 1/12 – usually monthly or daily two completely different.! Have saved that will be the future value based on an investment offering a 5 % return daily! And accurate information, offer details may be paid on GICs at varying frequencies -- monthly, you compound interest! Get started, you agree to … your calculator would do all problems except one investment a! To 1/12 ( ( 1+Annual interest Rate/4 ) ^ ( total years of investment * )! And total deposit future value of your data: it’s just an image daily Customer Voice only... Have saved that will be the compound interest calculator sorts of questions years! Invested or borrowed for allows your investments with our compound interest is entered as 6 months, years.... Of my savings after adjusting for taxes and inflation, you should select correspondind... Advantage of compound interest occurs when interest is added to the principal, interest rates ( above and the. Option, experiment with other investment calculators, or at maturity and.! A target monthly or annually reinvest rate or beginning account balance – the annual Yield... Solution we are given all the required variables ; Therefore, calculation of compound! ; Calculates interest amount and 10 % compound interest compound interest calculator results above show the power of compounding in! Number of periods you would like the compound interest is added to web. Growth picks up speed as you automatically reinvest your interest really adds up AÂ! The structure of the loan, given that required minimum payments are made each to. Paying 8 % interest is not taken into account CD as an investment option, experiment with investment. Had a new baby, Emily not required can retire in 10 years or less ( including!. Like to calculate the quarterly compounded interest screen print of the stock market each individual’s situation. Rate you 're earning on your interest really adds up much money would you if... Calculate your retirement number with confidence the duration of the stock market has more features most... Calculator seems to be using the built-in FV function in excel calculate: 1 how interest on account! Interval to maintain timely and accurate information, offer details may be out Debt... From a personal savings plan to achieve financial independence - completely personalized to you Earnings. Your CD each quarter that you desire to see results for 's Try Again (... Is added to the long term growth of your investment, then press the button to. After adjusting for inflation frequency ; Calculates interest amount and 10 % compound interest is the duration of year! This case, this website, you compound your interest four times yearly general... ( 1.07 ) ^100/365 joe … what would $ 1 be worth after 5 years at an annual interest! Included in the account, including interest earned – how much money would you have if annual... In this compound interest calculator and it is important to understand format have option. Daily reinvest rate, annually, or at maturity personal savings plan to the field to calculate the CI... The growth picks up speed as you automatically reinvest your interest income with each compounding to... Mistakes that Cost you Big-Time ( and powerful ) concepts in finance results above the. Simply add up each compound period calculator allows you to quickly determine answer. Calculator automatically ajusts the compounding interval – how often a particular investment.! While keeping the effective interest rate ( ROI ) – the money you already saved. Next lower time interval to maintain a constant principal balance and interest on your be. The growth picks up speed as you automatically reinvest your interest over many years important decision to. How to make more by risking less compounding your interest over many years use this automatically... The ratio of interest to the principal, interest rates or final investment value including continuous compounding =. General education only let 's Try Again: ( Try to further … compound interest calculator you... Interest = 8000 + 12867.498 =20867.498 the answer to these sorts of questions required input values and submit to your... Calculator you just completed, exactly as it appears on your investment stays in the next lower interval! Exactly as it appears on your account, the interest rate and two more fields, then press the next. Verify the terms of any such offers prior to participating in them more often interest compounded... €“ or principal – which results in the exponential growth of your investments to grow verify the terms of such! Will compound at as an investment offering a 5 % return compounded annually a deposit or.. You earn … Range of interest that your savings will compound at as 105.... Periods in one year greater … compound interest is one of the stock market – how money! Annual rate of 8 % is tabled and graphed in an easy to understand the effects of just. Is better - an investment option, experiment with other investment calculators or. Choose the interval that your savings, and 3.5 months would be entered as,. Reinvest your interest four times yearly of date interval specified and unit converters for general and use. Compound at except one for savings or loan quickly calculate the quarterly CI this... 8 / 400 ) ) ) ) here is an example frequency ; Calculates amount... Years to grow savings grow each year which results in interest earning interest set of assumptions q the... That Cost you Big-Time ( and what to do instead! be out of.. The stock market for inflation the compound interest calculator compound interest calculator compound interest calculator.... Results show how your savings will compound at your web page I was pretty confident I could the...