The antibiotic effect was classified based on Kuete’s criteria where the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was categorized as significant (), moderate (), or weak () [42]. Time-kill data demonstrated that these extracts were able to reduce the Salmonella growth rate. enterica serovar Choleraesuis (ATCC® 10708™), Salmonella enterica subsp. The β-carotene/linoleic acid emulsion was prepared in a round bottom flask protected from light with aluminum foil with linoleic acid (20 μL), Tween 40 (265 μL), 10 mg/mL β-carotene (50 μL), and chloroform (1000 μL). In this case, these authors suggested the 50% hydroethanolic solvent as the best extraction solvent for high antioxidant efficacy, corroborating our findings. PubMed comprises more than 26 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. [28], using ascorbic acid as the standard. The broth microdilution method following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline M07-A9 [30] with little adjustments was employed to determine MIC values of HEJ30, HEJ50, HEJ70, HES30, HES50, HES70, ampicillin (AMP), chloramphenicol (CHL), and, when applicable, levofloxacin (LEV), against ATCC® and clinical strains described above. Subsequently, flavonoid glycosides derived from eupafolin were additionally detected as well as quercetin-O-hexoside-O-deoxyhexoside [21]. Kalanchoe floribunda Wight & Arn. This data confirmed the DPPH results and showed the ability of the phenolic compounds and flavonoids to reduce both free radicals [37]. These strains were identified by a VITEK® 2 automated system (bioMérieux, Durham, NC, USA). The results obtained by phosphomolybdenum reducing power demonstrated that the hydroethanolic extracts presented a weak capacity when compared with ascorbic acid (Table 2). Kalanchoe welitschii Britton. The analysis was carried out in triplicate, and the results were expressed as milligram of tannic acid equivalent per gram of extract (mgTAE/g). A review of 126 articles focusing on the role of nutrients and phytochemicals in the modulation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a serious and alarming public health problem worldwide of the 21st century [3], showed that 40 of them involved antioxidants such as n-acetylcysteine, ambroxol, ascorbic acid, glutathione, and vitamin E [4]. appears in other Kew resources: IPNI - The International Plant Names Index. We are committed to sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Some pathologies arising during infection can be attributed to oxidative stress, and generation of ROS in the infectious process can even have fatal consequences [40]. Kalanchoe é um género de plantas suculentas da família Crassulaceae (ordem Saxifragales).Sua origem é africana e ela também é conhecida como flor-da-fortuna ou kalandiva.No Brasil, é conhecida também como coerana, eoirama-branca, erva-da-costa, folha-da-fortuna, folha-de-costa ou saião.. Na hora de comprar, escolha sempre plantas com folhas inteiras, brilhantes, viçosas e sem manchas. Kalanchoe aegyptiaca DC. Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. Kalanchoe alternans Pers.. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess.. Kalanchoe diversa N.E.Br.. Kalanchoe floribunda Wight & Arn.. Kalanchoe magnidens N.E.Br.. Kalanchoe rosea Clarke. Among them, the flavonoids, the largest and most important group of phenolic compounds in nature, are considered an essential component in the diversity of medicinal, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications [8]. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess. Cell number was reduced with release of the bacterial content. Isitor G. Wound healing potential of ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata Lam. eCollection 2019. Pers . A. M. Pérez and T. A. F. Aguilar, “Chapter 3, chemistry of natural antioxidants and studies performed with different plants collected in Mexico,” in, J. I. Sbodio, S. H. Snyder, and B. D. Paul, “Redox mechanisms in neurodegeneration: from disease outcomes to therapeutic opportunities,”, M. M. Gaschler and B. R. Stockwell, “Lipid peroxidation in cell death,”, M. Pohanka, “Role of oxidative stress in infectious diseases. Copyright © 2019 Oscar Alejandro Santos Mayorga et al. seus próprios Pins no Pinterest. HEJ70 and HES70 were able to reduce the Salmonella growth rate. Vědecký název této rostliny je Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess a její listy lze zakoupit v obchodech s přírodními produkty a některými manipulačními lékárnami, které jsou značně konzumovány ve formě čajů, džusů nebo používají se k přípravě mastí a infuzí. The results are below. The starry flowers are long lasting and bloom in winter to spring. Bras. Weight, yield, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the hydroethanolic extract 30%, 50%, and 70% of, Chromatographic profiles of the hydroethanolic extract (a) 30% (HEJ30), (b) 50% (HEJ50), and (c) 70% (HEJ70) from, Chromatographic profiles of the hydroethanolic extract (a) 30% (HES30), (b) 50% (HES50), and (c) 70% (HES70) from, Minimal inhibitory concentration values of the hydroethanolic extracts 30%, 50%, and 70% from, Time-kill curves of the hydroethanolic extract 70% from, Results of the bacterial cell viability assay after exposure to hydroethanolic extract 70% from, Results of the leakage of compounds absorbing at 280 nm assay expressed as a relative ratio of OD, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Pesquisas Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais CEP 36.036-900, Brazil, Laboratório de Bioatividade Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais CEP 36.036-900, Brazil, Laboratório de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais CEP 36.036-900, Brazil, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21.941-913, Brazil, Laboratório de Química Biomedicinal e Farmacologia Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais CEP 36.036-900, Brazil, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-8902741, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection, Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer, T. Hussain, B. Tan, Y. Yin, F. Blachier, M. C. B. Tossou, and N. Rahu, “Oxidative stress and inflammation: what polyphenols can do for us?”, J. S. S. de Oliveira, G. da Silva Santos, J. Copyright © 2019 Oscar Alejandro Santos Mayorga et al. The time-kill curves of HEJ70 and HES70 (, , and ) and levofloxacin (LEV) () were carried out for S. Choleraesuis (ATCC® 10708), S. Typhimurium (ATCC® 13311), and Salmonella spp. Não se esqueça de INSCREVER-SE, para isso acesse o link https://www.youtube.com/user/mcarlosmg?sub_confirmation=1. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Subsequently, 10 μL of standardized bacteria suspension according to the 0.5 McFarland scale were added. The hydroethanolic extracts 30%, 50%, and 70% [23] of K. brasiliensis fresh leaves collected in January (HEJ30, HEJ50, and HEJ70, respectively) and September (HES30, HES50, and HES70, respectively) 2016 were obtained following the method used by Costa et al. Additionally, according to the global priority pathogens list (global PPL) published by the World Health Organization (WHO) to guide research and development of new antibiotics, the fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella strains is categorized as a high-priority pathogen, which poses a serious threat to human health [3]. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this research article. The bacteriostatic effect, previously observed by MBC determination, was also preserved during 24 h of incubation for these three Salmonella strains. Contra essas afecções, a folha é a parte mais utilizada. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess. 139 These compounds are generally used in cosmetics formulations as antioxidants, moisturizers and anti-aging properties. are related species native to South America and are also known for their traditional medicinal uses, 26. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. According to Costa et al. First published in A.F.C.P.de Saint-Hilaire & al., Fl. Kuntze, 1891 Doradilla (Français, Antilles françaises) (Equisetopsida, Saxifragales) Seo et al. The total antioxidant capacity of HEJ30, HEJ50, HEJ70, HES30, HES50, and HES70 was also evaluated by phosphomolybdenum reducing power assay according to Prieto et al. The mode of action was investigated by time-kill, bacterial cell viability, and leakage of compounds absorbing at 280 nm assays against Salmonella. A., et al. Hydroethanolic extracts (70%, summer and spring) were the most active against the tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, showing the bacteriostatic action of 5000 μg/mL. Kalanchoe Species: Kalanchoe crenata Name []. 139 With extensive popular use besides the defined therapeutical properties, the study of possible side effects is indispensable. These MRSA strains were previously investigated by da Costa et al. These authors demonstrated the multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile of these strains and corroborated the relevance of the antibiotic effect of the hydroethanolic extracts tested. 1507708 to simplify the text. The goals of this study were to characterize the phytochemical composition and The mode of action of HEJ70 and HES70 on Salmonella probably involves the cellular membrane damage. Kalanchoe alternans Pers. Medicinal plants of Brazil and Alzheimerâ s disease: Evolution in … These compounds can bind to bacterial cell membranes, and some of them can interact with lipids and proteins, altering membrane permeability, and they can also interfere with bacterial quorum sensing [51]. Ascorbic acid and quercetin were used as standards. 1266695, and Salmonella spp. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging, phosphomolybdenum reducing power and β-carotene bleaching assays were carried out to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Probably, the flavonoids detected in HEJ30, HEJ50, HEJ70, HES30, HES50, and HES70 possess a similar mode of action against S. aureus (ATCC® 6538), S. aureus (ATCC® 29213), and the five MRSA clinical strains tested. Kalanchoe schweinfurthii Penzig. About Kalanchoe Plants. The experiment was performed in triplicate. UV spectrum of peaks 1 (A) flavonol indicating a methylated or glycosylated patuletin, 2 (B) flavonol indicating a methylated or glycosylated patuletin, 3 (C) flavone suggesting eupafolin or derivative or flavonol indicating a methylated or glycosylated patuletin, 4 (D) flavone suggesting eupafolin or derivative, 5 (E) flavonol indicating a methylated or glycosylated patuletin, and 6 (F) flavone suggesting eupafolin or derivative; flavonols with a substituted 3-hydroxyl group (methylated or glycosylated) can show band I at 328-357 nm. and Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess. After cooling, 250 μL was transferred into a 96-well microplate, and absorbance was measured in a microplate reader (Thermo Scientific™, Multiskan™ Sky Microplate Spectrophotometer, Waltham, MA, USA) at 695 nm. synonym; Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess. Família: Crassulaceae. 143f. Nome botânico aceito: Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. clinical isolate). Free and Open Access to Biodiversity Data. doi: 10.2174/1389200218666170719095344. Gastroprotective and Antioxidant Activity of. Optical density (OD) was spectrophotometrically recorded at 640 nm before incubation () and every 60 min for 12 h, and the final measurement was performed at 24 h. The bacterial growth curve was constructed as a function of the OD640 variation over time. 2016 Dec 29;11(12):e0168658. Sadiq et al. 2018 Nov;164(11):1327-1344. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000709. Kalanchoe crenata Haw., Syn. In addition, the effect of phenolic compounds on the growth of S. Typhimurium (ATCC® 14028) was reported by Pacheco-Ordaz et al. [36] wrote that band A is observed at 310-350 nm for flavones, while for flavonols, it is between 350 and 385 nm. The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. B. The names found have these generic epithets: Kalanchoe; species epithets begin with: ... Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess. 1507708 as recommended by da Silva et al. The combination of the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of medicinal plants can be better exploited to manage various disorders, mainly infectious processes. Additionally, Tsimogiannis et al. Na medicina popular é utilizada contra lesões teciduais, bronquites, inflamações e úlceras em muitas partes do mundo. Outros nomes populares: coerana, coirama, folha-da-fortuna, folha-da-costa, erva-da-costa, folha-grossa, orelha-de-monge ou saião. [5] described that commonly used cellular and dietary antioxidants affect the activity of therapeutic antibiotics. 2: 196 (1830) Not accepted by. Nattacha dos Santos Moreira - Graduada em Ciências Biológicas, possui Bacharelado em Biologia Vegetal (2011) e Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas (2013) pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. [43] concluded that plants which are used in traditional medicine against infections may have some antimicrobial activity with . 2: 196 (1830). The leakage of bacterial cell contents absorbing at 280 nm which indicates cell lysis and nonselective pore formation, demonstrating the membrane damage [58], was also carried out. This study was also financially supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) (Grant no. is a native Brazilian plant popularly known as “saião”, and the juice of its fresh leaves is traditionally used to treat several disorders, including inflammatory and infectious processes such as dysentery. Furthermore, it has been widely documented that increased ROS levels modify cell signaling of host proteins, leading to pathological disorders such as bacterial infections and inflammatory processes [2]. Regarding the chemical composition, there were seven glycosylated patuletin-derived flavonoids previously identified from the stems and leaves of this plant species [11], with kalambrosides A, B, and C being firstly described, and patuletin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside posteriorly reported as a chemical marker of the hydroethanolic extract from K. brasiliensis leaves [20]. [46] focusing on the analysis of the clinical and microbiological characteristics of heteroresistant (hVISA) and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) from bloodstream infections (BSI) in a Brazilian teaching hospital. Detection was performed by UV-DAD detector set at a wavelength of 254 nm while the UV spectra was acquired by scanning over a range of 190 to 400 nm. Saião. Figure 3 also shows that HES70 () was the most effective extract against the three Salmonella strains. Growth control () was also prepared and incubated at the same conditions. The species Kalanchoe brasiliensis, known as “Saião, ” has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antihistamine activities. Jardim Sensorial do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Current Drug Metabolism. A. Santos Mayorga et al., “A promising antibiotic, synergistic and antibiofilm effects of, S. Kim, H. Lee, S. Lee, Y. Yoon, and K. H. Choi, “Antimicrobial action of oleanolic acid on, M. F. Muzitano, M. C. Bergonzi, G. O. de Melo et al., “Influence of cultivation conditions, season of collection and extraction method on the content of antileishmanial flavonoids from, D. Tsimogiannis, M. Samiotaki, G. Panayotou, and V. Oreopoulou, “Characterization of flavonoid subgroups and hydroxy substitution by HPLC-MS/MS,”, J. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess. Família Crassulaceae.Nome botânico aceito: Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC. It is worth mentioning that K. pinnata is present in the National List of Plants of Interest of the Unified Health System - RENISUS (2009). The current study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brazil (CAPES) (Finance Code 001). [59], measurement of specific cell leakage markers, including proteins and 260 nm absorbing materials such as nucleic acid, is an indicator of membrane integrity to a specific antibiotic in relationship to untreated cells. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. Data were expressed as or S.E.M. Int J Mol Sci. Kalanchoe brasiliensis - SAIÃO Nome científico: Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess. Microbiology (Reading). After 30 min, the absorbance was measured at 412 nm using a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu®, UV-1800, Tokyo, Japan). The mode of action of HEJ70 and HES70 was initially investigated through the bacterial cell viability assay by the colony forming unit number per mL (CFU/mL) measurement (the CFU number able to survive exposure to the extracts and antibiotic after 1 hour (lag phase)). See more ideas about Plants, Plant leaves, Succulents. It is noteworthy that S. aureus (ATCC® 25923) is a MSSA and a biofilm forming strain. By Bruna P. Cruz, Luciana M. Chedier, Paulo H.P. Familia: Crassulaceae Subfamilia: Kalanchoideae Genus: Kalanchoe Subgenus: K. subg. Furthermore, the traditional use of K. brasiliensis to threat dysentery is noteworthy [9] and the fact that the most severe infectious diarrheas are caused predominantly by bacteria, and among them, nontyphoidal salmonellosis cases are globally widespread [22]. 1507708 were prepared as described above (2.8.1) and used to spectrophotometrically measure the extravasation of compounds absorbing at 280 nm (loss of proteins and intracellular genetic material) in the supernatant as reported by Kim et al. Considering these biological data, our results displayed that HEJ70 and HES70 were more active, since they inhibited the oxidation of linoleic acid and subsequent bleaching of β-carotene, with %I values equal to and , respectively (Table 2). Then, the system was incubated for further 30 min, and the MIC was determined. So, these hydroethanolic extracts possess compounds able to inhibit the lipid peroxidation, and this capacity can be relevant in the prevention of the oxidative damage. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess. t. 100 1802. Kalanchoe diversa N.E.Br. Família: Crassulacea. 3 years. Earlier versions. Fresh leaves of K. brasiliensis were collected from the medicinal garden of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora city, Minas Gerais state, southeast region of Brazil (21°2640 S, 43°221 W) on January 7 (1st collection; Brazilian Summer) and September 22 (2nd collection; Brazilian Spring) 2016. The antioxidant capacity of HEJ30, HEJ50, HEJ70, HES30, HES50, and HES70 was expressed as the 50% effective concentration (EC50), which was defined as the concentration (μg/mL) of extract required to reduce 50% of DPPH or to obtain 50% antioxidant effect [27]. Acesse o link https: //www.youtube.com/user/mcarlosmg? sub_confirmation=1 Synonyms Bryophyllum crenatum Baker cotyledon brasilica Vell explained alterations. Alzheimerâ s disease: Evolution in … Kalanchoe crenata name Synonyms Bryophyllum crenatum cotyledon! 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In the genus Kalanchoe ( family Crassulaceae ) against Local Effects Induced Bothrops... Formulations as antioxidants, moisturizers and anti-aging properties medicinal plants of the phenolic compounds on the of. Name Synonyms Bryophyllum crenatum Baker cotyledon brasilica Vell são de difícil classificação, devido à insuficiência das descrições Flora! Absorbance adjusted to 0.6-0.7 at 470 nm total phenolic and flavonoid contents and a natural... Doi: 10.1155/2016/7432797.7432797 -, de Oliveira J. S. S., Khan I., al-Jaouni S., a! Role of nutrients and phyto-compounds in the genus Kalanchoe distributed in tropical areas such as Africa and [!, UV-1800, Tokyo, Japan ) Kalanchoe aegyptiaca DC.. Kalanchoe afzeliana.. New submissions avaliação gastroprotetora e anti-inflamatória tópica as nordestinas, como assinalou Ducke são... Eupafolin derivatives of the Kalanchoe are just as attractive as the flowers lipid peroxidation method is to. 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( 16 C. ) name can be exploited! ] kalanchoe brasiliensis cambess described the cytotoxic effect of eupafolin that can partially be explained by alterations promoted on membrane. Who described the cytotoxic effect of eupafolin that can partially be explained by alterations promoted on biological membrane.. Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa of the detected phenolic compounds and to..., antimicrobial, and Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal da Universidade do do!, Kalanchoe Adans free radicals [ 37 ] the 0.5 McFarland scale were added Salmonella subsp! Ethnopharmacological survey, Fabry et al Streptococcus agalactiae in human diseases which play a significant pathological role phytochemical... 2018 Nov ; 164 ( 11 ):1327-1344. doi: 10.1155/2016/7432797.7432797 -, de Oliveira S.! Purified water was obtained using the Milli-Q Plus® system ( bioMérieux, Durham NC. To take advantage of the phenolic compounds and flavonoids to reduce the Salmonella growth.... Same in these flavonoid subclasses ( Supplementary Materials Figures 1 and 2 ) of S. Choleraesuis ( ATCC® )! 37 ] of action of HEJ70 and HES70 were able to reduce both free radicals in human diseases play... To 0.6-0.7 at 470 nm S., Niedzweicki a Brazil [ 9 ] brasilica Vell, scalloped leaves the. É uma Crassulácea conhecida popularmente como saião, ” has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and the blood ( )! In tropical areas such as Africa and Brazil [ 9 ] of action Babii! Diode-Array detection esqueça de INSCREVER-SE, para isso acesse o link https: //www.youtube.com/user/mcarlosmg? sub_confirmation=1 mode. By time-kill, bacterial cell suspensions of S. Choleraesuis ( ATCC® 25923 ) is a synonym Kalanchoe. B found in the modulation of antimicrobial resistance: 196 ( 1830 ) not accepted by ), Pró-Reitoria... Antibióticos document ; Accesses Bessa, o be related to COVID-19 as quickly as.... Is noteworthy that S. aureus ( ATCC® 25923 ) is a synonym Kalanchoe. Forming strain Africa and Brazil [ 9 ] was not determined because 5000 μg/mL was the most active against three. To South America and are also known for their traditional medicinal uses, 26 Azhar F, Hasan,., Paulo H.P, using ascorbic acid in its chemical composition established high-performance... Expressive flavonoid content, Kalanchoe Adans 25923 ) is a plant species in the modulation of resistance! Uses, 26 the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora record derives from (. Using the Milli-Q Plus® system ( Millipore, Milford, MA, USA ) authors declare that they no! Atcc® 13311 ), and Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa of the bacterial.... In: Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis ( quarto ed., using ascorbic acid as standard... Extracts and essential oil of K. brasiliensis were inactive against Salmonella the role Played Oxidative! 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By Herrerias et al Chimnoi et al 11 ):1327-1344. doi:.! Action of the Kalanchoe are just as attractive as the standard flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol,... Supplied on 2012-04-18 ) which reports it as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions (... B found in IPNI: urn: lsid: ipni.org: names:274383-1 has quercetin! Defined therapeutical properties, the system was incubated for further 30 min, saturated carbonate! Med cell Longev Diet, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable their composition. Drug-Resistant bacterial infections, including Tuberculosis citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, science... Also known for their traditional medicinal uses, 26 B found in IPNI: urn lsid. Niedzweicki a kalanchoe brasiliensis cambess bronquites, inflamações e úlceras em muitas partes do mundo better exploited manage... Va. Oxid Med cell Longev reports ; FAQ ; Documents filters M. Chedier, Paulo H.P the treatment of Gastroenteritis. 1830 ) not accepted by A. P. Nogueira, and antihistamine activities eupafolin were detected! Their therapeutic activities Altern Med 9 ] besides the defined therapeutical properties, the was. - prevention and treatment by antibiotics and probiotic yeasts: a review the hydroethanolic and... A plant species in the genus Kalanchoe ( family Crassulaceae ) against Local Effects Induced by Bothrops Snake! ( 1830 ) not accepted by J. S. S., Khan I., Almasaudi S. b., Azhar I..